Research proposal on motivation Essay

Human Resource Management (HRM) includes the process of managing employees at work to achieve organizational goals and objectives. These goals are achieved by strategic operations with the use of cultural, structural and personal techniques (Schuler and Jackson, 2007). With the change in environment and introduction of globalization, it has become important for the organizations to enhance employees’ productivity at work place. So, it will help to boost employees as well as organizational growth. Research Question In relation to this research, following will be the research question: â€Å"How HRM is influencing employees to enhance productivity at work and in what ways?† Research Objective In relation to this case, following are the objective of this research: To see the relationship between HRM and employees productivity. To explore different elements of HRM responsible to enhance employees’ productivity. To evaluate the way of influence people for more productivity at work place. To identify the role of HRM in the growth of employees as well as organization. Literature Review According to Birdi, Wall and Wood (2008) HRM is a practice that enhances employees’ knowledge, skill, attitude and behavior. This enhancement helps to increase company performance. There are many ways for that such as motivate or train employees to work harder and more flexibly, encouraging the use of initiative, reducing the cost of supervision and other direct costs. As well as providing the opportunity for individuals to develop and use new knowledge and skill at work (Birdi, Wall and Wood, 2008). So, the human resource management plays a major part to increase productivity of organization. On other hand Dysvik and Kuvaas (2008) argued about influencing employees about productivity. They said training and motivation cannot influence every employee in similar way. If employees can perceive that they are not being provided with sufficient training opportunities. It might develop higher turnover intentions (Dysvik and Kuvaas, 2008). So, from this statement it is found that perception of developmental HR practices and turnover intentions are negatively related to each other. Justification Employees are regarded to be the most valuable assets of a company. So, it is important for the organizations to have effective human resource management to enhance productivity of employees as well of the organization. Research Methodology Secondary source of data collection will be used to gather information regarding the research. Review of different literatures, books, articles, web sources will be used as secondary source of data collection (Goddard & Melville 2004). Potential Difficulty Every research has some potential difficulties that affect the creditability of the research. The potential difficulty regarding this research is the time constraints and accessibility of the information sources. Action Plan Action plan determines the activities to be taken for the accomplishment of research. Following action plan would be there with time schedule for this research: References Birdi, K., Wall, T.D. and Wood, S.J. (2008) The impact of human resource and operational management practices on company productivity: A longitudinal study. Personnel Psychology, 61, p.467-501. Dysvik, A. and Kuvaas, B. (2008) The relationship between perceived training opportunities, work motivation and employee outcomes. International Journal of Training and Development, 12 (3), p.138-157. Goddard, W. & Melville, S. (2004) Research Methodology: An Introduction. South Africa: Juta and Company Ltd. Schuler, R.S. and Jackson, S.E. (2007) Strategic human resource management 2nd ed. Singapore: Wiley-Blackwell.

Culture Adaptation And Cultural Change Essay

Culture refers to the lifestyle or rather a system of tradition that dictates the thought and even action of a given group of people in a society. It gets its expression in the language, beliefs, customs and even food thus offering a direction for effective successful living. Culture gives one identity of the everyday symbols, customs, body language; food and social cues which becomes very difficult to lose overnight. Cultural adaptation is the processes through which an individual undergoes in order to adjust to another culture different from his normal way of life. Different countries or environment have differing cultural practices and its common for people to feel disoriented when they leave their familiar surrounding to a different environment or countries. It is quite true that culture restrains our behavior because it plays a vital role in our day to day lives. Culture socializes us into a given way of life and is responsible for determining who we are and our view of the entire world. Who we are does not only depend on our nature and personality but also the culture that surrounds us. Humans are sum and substances of nature, personality and the culture all of which contributes importantly to the final individuals. Our culture affects how we think, how we behave, who we are and how we respond to our surrounding and it is easily transmitted from generation to generation through the parents, education systems and even peers. Since culture is greatly embedded in our nature and personality, that is, culture is a central ingredient in the production of a human person; it’s a big huddle to adapt to other cultures. However, we are daily confronted with issues that call for modification, recreation and even elimination of some of the elements of our cultures. For effective cultural change to be obtained there is need to understand the underlying differences in the current culture and the culture one wants to create. Our culture is transformed by our daily pressure on what old tradition that needs to be dropped, how to combine the diverse elements of cultures that surrounds us and the daily decision of the new ideas to be included in the culture. Cultural change is possible when we define precisely the culture we are building and use those terms to inflict the necessary changes we want to make in the existing culture. As groups of people migrate from places to come together they tend to merge cultures and finally come up with a common cultural practice for all. The most common element of culture that experience drastic changes is the language especially when the groups are interested in trading with each other, they will need a common mode of communication thus the language would be quickly changed to ease trade. However, there are other elements of culture that cannot be wholly eradicated, such as food preferences and the norms that outlast the reason for their development. For cultural change to be effected all the stakeholders must be willing to change. The social nature in humans that tends to drive them to share their experiences and knowledge with others is another powerful tool in effecting cultural change. Reference: Samuel P. Huntington. Cultures Presentation: Colorado College’s 125th Anniversary Symposium, February 4, 1999.

Advantages and disadvantages of the FairTax Act Term Paper - 1

Advantages and disadvantages of the FairTax Act - Term Paper Example ing the proposals into the U.S accounting framework because the most important thing is to delivering the necessary information in an efficient and timely manner. It is therefore apparent that IASB proposals will have a great impact on US GAAP therefore forcing accountants to seek modifications to their activities. Upcoming changes to U.S GAAP intend to have significant effect on revenue recognition, leases and financial instruments. Even though the standard has not been made final, the three major changes to U.S. GAAP are significant and therefore understanding how they affect one’s profession and entities operations (Gallagher, 2010). When revenue recognition, financial instruments and leases standards are finalized, they will definitely become part of U.S. GAAP and affect both private, not for profit and public entities that were previously using the U.S GAAP standards. The revenue recognition proposal will have a great influence on the way revenues will be recognized and disclosed, transactions will be accounted for, and finally the way contractual arrangements will be made as a way of improving comparability across companies, industries and capital markets. A single standard for revenue recognition that converges U.S GAAP and IFRS applicable across all industries and in all transactions is vital in eliminating the transaction and industry specific revenue recognition guidance associated with U.S GAAP (Munter, 2011). The resulting standard will be a principle based approach that will determine revenue recognition because of its ability to affect every entity’s every day accounting and transactions. Standardized revenue recognition standard for both annual and interim reporting will be applied retrospectively including any practical expedients discussed. However, transition to the new revenue recognition standard as well as the potential impacts on financial statements and introduction of new systems may take some time due to challenges of familiarity

Amantes Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Amantes - Movie Review Example Trini is not only beautiful but also possess decent amounts of money to enable her to settle down with her fiance. However, she wants her fiance to find a decent job before they both can marry. She recommends her fiance to take an apartment on rent from a widow named Luisa (Victoria Abril)("Amantes") Apparently, Luisa appears to be a harmless, pretty widow who supports herself with the income she earns from the rents. However, Luisa is more than that. She has not only killed her own husband, about which she tells Paco later, but also is involved in swindles with the underworld mafia. ( Mrquez) She soon seduces Paco by her beauty and sensual manners. Paco, whose fiance has refused to indulge in sexual intercourse before their marriage, desperately and quickly gives into Luisa's seductive manners. On the other hand, Paco's abortive searches for a job hasten his decision to yield to Luisa's offer. And this way, Paco not only starts sharing her house but also her bed. On the other hand, Trini starts to sense change in the behavior of Paco. Paco doesn't seem to be interested in meeting her anymore and doesn't contact her for many days. For Paco, the world has suddenly changed. From a world that appeared hopeless, gloomy, bleak and dry, suddenly has started offering him with new, exciting and erotic surprises everyday. And Luisa's passion, experience, domination during sex adds to the spices of these sexual encounters. Luisa is not only experienced, she is passionate and possessive making Paco feel extremely wanted and valuable. Trini who is desperate to win her lover back asks a commander's wife for her advice. She tells her that the only way to bring him back is to offer him what Luisa had offered and what she had refused to-her body. Determined to win Paco back, she visits him at Luisa's house and offers herself to him as soon as Luisa leaves her place leaving behind her belongings so that widow does come to know what has happened behind her back. Paco surprised and happy by Trini's offer initially, returns to Trini and together they both visit her mother's house in a nearby village. However, the offer doesn't seem to have lasting effects on Paco's heart and soon he starts missing Luisa's passion, experience, care and love. Confused and trapped in the love of two women, Paco decides to live a dual love life, satisfying them both sexually and emotionally. However, Luisa's own double life complicates things further. She owns money to underworld members who would kill her and her lover in case she refuses or is unable to pay back their money. They suggest her to exploit Trini and use her savings to pay them back. Luisa informs Paco of the threats and suggests him that he marries Trini, steals her money and then runs away with her. Though Paco doesn't feels that he loves Trini as much as before, he doesn't still wants to betray and exploit her this way. But still, with much persuasion, Luisa is able to convince Paco to follow her plan. ("Amantes") According to the plan, Paco proposes Trini and they both leave Madrid for a small city Aranda del Duero where they are to get married. Luisa, follows them as she doubts Paco's intentions and determination to go with her plan. One night at the hotel, while Trini is asleep, Paco steals her money and give them to Luisa. However, unlike the plan, Paco refuses to run away with

Importance of an entrepreneurial leader Assignment

Importance of an entrepreneurial leader - Assignment Example Entrepreneurial leaders have the drive to be successful and their flexibility leads to adaptability. Entrepreneurial leaders are result-oriented and have high levels of enthusiasm that ensures full commitment to the goals and objectives of the organization. The role of an entrepreneurial leader is different from other leader roles since they are take personal responsibility of the growth of the organization. Their roles are different from other leader roles since they continuously search for new opportunities that will lead to innovative products and ideas rather than ensuring the success of the already established products and ideas. The entrepreneurial leader will assemble and coordinate resources towards attainment of organizational goals and will take personal responsibility for the failures of the team and utilize such challenges in ensuring the organization attains its objective. Unlike other leader roles, an entrepreneurial leader plays the role of a risk-taker through investi ng in new and innovative ideas that will enhance the growth potential of the organization. An entrepreneurial leader role is different from other leaders since an entrepreneur is a change catalyst and champions creative. An entrepreneurial leader is important in an organization since he continuously searches for new opportunities and ensures creativity that ultimately leads to new and innovative products and ideas. The entrepreneurial leader roles are different from other leader roles since he or she is a risk-taker and acts as a change champion.

The Relationship Between Gender And Politeness Essay

The Relationship Between Gender And Politeness - Essay Example Sara Mills gives a new dimension to both the terms – gender and politeness. Gender and politeness cannot be generalized. It has to be analyzed in the perspective of the race, class, the particular situation. Mills states that politeness has to be observed over a period of time and it should be seen within the context of the community of practice. Women adopt different strategies in different situations. A general notion prevalent is that women talk more than men talk and are more vocal about their feelings but an experiment proved otherwise. Marjorie Swagger gave three pictures to men and women separately and they were asked to describe it in as much time as they wanted. The average time that men took was 13 minutes while the women averaged at 3:17 minutes. Women should talk less and men should remain ‘calm’ has been culturally accepted by all societies around the world. According to Nancy Bonvillain, women use more polite speech than do women; they are more conscious of the honor of the person or the hearer. Society has predominantly been male-dominated and they have been asserting themselves at every stage. Traditionally a woman first was under the protection of her father, then at the mercy of the husband and finally under the son. She was never allowed to assert herself. It was considered a disgrace if a woman was aggressive in her speech. It was always expected that a woman should ‘behave like a lady’. A ‘lady’ is synonymous with calm and peace. She always had to look up to the man in her life.

Article Summary Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Summary - Article Example The article is a description of the way in which infants react to feeling and conditions. In an argument by Bartolotti (2009) children tend to be sensitive when exposed to situations they have no psychological strength to handle. Additionally, the article embraces the fact that children ted to behave according to the environment they are raised in. parents enable children to perceive the environment depending on the way they are raised (Bartolotti, 2009). Depending on early childhood environment of a child, a child develops different ways in which they relate to the environment around them. In addition, the article explains the assumption that the psychological development of a child is determined by the development of their age. At a mild age, a child is easily offended by the easiest of provocations. With time this notion changes (Bartolotti, 2009). The basic creation of the article is based on the fact for a child to develop it require more than parental care. With parent education, parents are enabled to understand the psychological approach to handling children in regards to their age. In an argument by Bartolotti (2009) a child displays specific behaviors depending on their age. Parent education enlightens a parent on such specification as it aims at increasing the relation between the parent and the child. Understanding a child as more than just a sibling is important to their growth due to the fact that the child perception and needs would be effectively catered for. In an argument by Bartolotti (2009) the temperament of a child displays significantly the direction of a child behavior. The author further points out that understanding this factor of a child and the stages of the factor it becomes easier to address the issues of the child and understand the display of behavior by the child. An adult can clearly understand t his behavior by accessing parent

Reading questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reading questions - Assignment Example He stresses on his scientific deduction of the evaluation typology as the model framework and establishes it with appropriate examples. Evaluation is invaluable for the functional prospect of any program. Deducing an apt evaluation system has direct impact on the success rate of a process. The studies of Chen as well as Worthen and Sanders focus on the different approaches to evaluation both on the conceptual and functional level. But the researchers have discussed the topic from the perspectives of their individual understanding and findings. Chen goes into an in depth analysis of the evaluation system that involves a study of how it works in the program, its role in defining and affecting the program and its effectiveness. Chen seems to dissect the evaluation process on an operational level. But Worthen and Sanders emphasize the theoretical, philosophical and psychological aspects of evaluation. Their study covers a wider range of the meaning and conceptual basis of evaluation and how it can be implemented accordingly. In discussing evaluation Chen has kept his focus strictly on the key factor of evaluation which is to determine the efficacy of a particular program and the success of its outcome or end result. He criticizes the analytical interpretations of both Scriven and Stake regarding the use and purpose of evaluation. Chen attempts to take an objective, data-based and technical approach to the analysis of evaluation. His aim seems to formulate basic scientific criteria of a typology that could be applied to different situations. He holds that the four categories of evaluation, process-improvement, process-assessment, outcome-improvement and outcome assessment, are at the basis of judging any situation. Chen elaborates on these categories defining their inter-relationship and inter-dependency through real-life examples. His main purpose is to emphasize the usability of the evaluation process in a competitive atmosphere. Worthen and Sanders provide a

Postcolonialism †An Historical Introduction Essay Example for Free

Postcolonialism – An Historical Introduction Essay In these two chapters from the book ‘Postcolonialism – An Historical Introduction, Robert J.C. Young provides the reader with an in depth understanding of colonal and postcolonial history, as well as well pondered definitions of important terms within the academic field of postcolonial studies. To illustrate the cruel and inhumane reality of the imperialistic powers, Young uses the case of Sir Roger Casement, a former member of the British Consular Service who was asked by the British Government in 1910 to investigate allegations of atrocities committed against the indigenous of the Amazon by a British company extracting rubber from the jungle. Casement verified, against the British governments expectations the atrocities, which six years later ironically led to his execution, sentenced by the British government on a charge of High Treason. The case of Casement shows us how the imperialistic powers ruled with devastating inhumanity, not only towards the indigenous but also towards anyone whom opposed the colonialising forces. The author goes on describing the history of 20th century imperialism. He puts forward the shocking fact that by the time of the first World War, imperial powers occupied, or controlled, nine-tenths of the globes surface territory, where of Britain governed one-fifth of the area of the world and a quarter of its population. Later in this chapter Young argues that Britain in fact actually was the first colony of the British empire, as here a minority elite the ruling upper class, controlled Britain both before and well into the nation’ further imperialistic era. With no space left for territorial expansion the leading forces of Europe turned inwards in a last attempt to grow. He points to Aimà © Cà ©saire who was the first to note that fascism was a form of colonialism brought home to Europe. The outcome of the 2nd World War led to the defeated nations loss of colonies around the globe. After the Indian independence in 1947 began a further process of European decolonization that is now largely complete. The author however argues that the list of direct or indirect colonized areas, are still surprisingly long. He also points to the many territories today, which is controlled by external forces not coming from within the European nations. Young states that the colonial history, which began as early as 500  years ago, has determined the configurations and power structures of the present. When we speak about colonialism the term Third World is widely used, Young however supports the criticism of this identification, as the word â€Å"third† in it self carries a negative aura in a hierarchical relation to the first and second. To describe the three southern continents of Latin America, Africa and Asia, young therefore uses the more political correct term tricontinetal and even suggests that postcolonialism should be called tricontinentalism. Postcolonial critique is united by a common political and moral consensus towards the history and legacy towards colonialism. It presupposes that the history of European expansion and the occupation of most of the global landmass between late 15th century and mid 20th century mark a process that was both specific and problematic. Western expansion was carried out with a moral justification that it was of benefit for all those nations, which it impacted. However apologists continue to lean upon this argument, it is impossible to deny the extraordinary suffering and destructive impact on indigenous people the colonisation of the world brought with it. The assumption of postcolonial studies is that many of the wrongs, if not crimes, against humanity are a product of the economic dominance of the north over the south. In this way, Marxist theory became the most important framework in anticolonial thinking, where from postcolonial studies finds its birth. Postcolonial critique is a form of activist writing that looks back to the political commitment of the anti-colonial liberation movements. In an attempt to define Postcolonial critique, we can say that it focuses on forces of oppression and coercive domination that operate in the contemporary world: the politics of anti-colonialism and neo-colonialism, race, gender, nationalism, class and ethnicities define its terrain. Its object, as defined by Cabral(1969), is the pursuit of liberation after achievement of political independence. It constitutes of a directed intellectual production that seeks to synthesize different kinds of work towards the realisation of common goals that include the creation of equal access to material, natural, social and technological resources, the contestation of forms of domination – economic, cultural, religious, ethnic, gendered, and the articulation and assertion of collective forms of political and cultural identity. The Author gives the reader his definitions of the terms: postcolonial, postcolonialism and  postcoloniality. He defines ‘postcolonial’ as coming after colonialism and imperialism, in their original meaning of direct-rule domination, but still positioned within imperialism in its later sense of the global system of hegemonic economic power. The postcolonial is a concept that marks the historical facts of decolonization but also the realities of nations and peoples emerging into new imperialistic context of economic and sometimes political domination. The term ‘postcoloniaity’ by contrast puts the emphasis on the economic, material and cultural conditions that determine the global system in which the postcolonial nation is required to operate, a system heavily weighted towards the interests of international capital and the leading nations of the world. ‘Postcolonialism’, which the author prefers to call ‘tricontinentalism’, names a theoretical and political position, which embodies an active concept of intervention. Unlike the words ‘colonialism’, ‘imperialism’ and ‘neocolonialism’ which adopts only critical relation to oppressive regimes and practices that they represent, postcolonialism is both contestatory and committed towards political ideals of a transnational social justice. It attacks the status quo of hegemonic economic imperialism, and the history of colonialism and imperialism, but also signals an activist engagement with positive political positions and new forms of political identity in the same way as Marxism or feminism.

Essay on television news Essay Example for Free

Essay on television news Essay Television news and current affair programs have become an essential part of our everyday lives in this cutting edge society today. Nine Networks A Current Affair program is a 30-minute long current affairs program covering politics, crime, human rights, science, technology and many other areas. It is an example of a consumer-oriented program, which seeks to appeal to viewers to get the ratings and thereby generate revenue through advertising for the Nine Network. I will use this current affairs program broadcast on the 2nd November to discuss how the codes of television reinforce the narrative elements in one of the stories presented on the television screen. The current affair story I have chosen which runs for five minutes and eight seconds is about an out-of-control 15-year old Stacey who has been locked in a wire cage for her past seven years. She is severely intellectually handicapped and her mother is forced to lock her up for her own safety reasons. She claims that the Government does not provide sufficient disabilities services and resources in areas such as rural South Australia. Throughout the story, viewers are positioned to sympathize with Staceys mother, Kerry. She is portrayed as a victim of the lack of disabilities services, desperately pleading the government to take action. The different camera angles and movement, selection of film footage, background music, voice-overs and word choice are examples of techniques used to enhance the narrative elements in the story such as characterization, point of view, setting, structure and many more. The two main production codes I will focus on are technical and audio codes. The characters of this story include the current affair presenter, Stacey the 15-year old girl, her mother Kerry, a family friend, South Australia Disability Service Minister and Chris Hill the on-spot reporter and interviewee. Various shots such as close-up, longand panning shots are used to show the main character of the story Stacey behind her cage. She is shown clinging on to the wire cage like a prisoner without freedom. Viewers are in this way positioned to feel sorry for her. We normally associate imprisonment with crime and wrong doings. Here, we are presented with an innocent victim suffering from Down syndrome, being denied the basic human right of freedom through no fault of her own. There are also shots filming interviews with Staceys mum, Kerry. The close-up shots showing Kerrys weary and desperate face suggests to viewers that she is also suffering from locking her daughter up in the cage for her own safety and this allows viewers to observe the physical effect of the stressful situation. This makes viewers feel sorry for her as the mother of a handicapped daughter. The shots showing South Australias Disability Service Minister busy flipping through his pile of work tells viewers that the minister is very busy and he has other community issues to look at. It shows that the need to help Stacey is low down in the ministers listed priorities. Viewers react by feeling angered because the government cannot provide these services for families in need. Seeing the Minister in his city office environment contrasted with the rural setting of the Staceys cage, viewers can see the huge gap in the importance placed in addressing this problem. The melancholy background music, designed to raise emotions, is also played whenever Stacey appears on the scene, further emphasizing the sufferings of the mother and daughter. The setting of the story is also enhanced by shots showing rural South Australia and Staceys wire cage. The long shots are used to show location as isolated and deserted from the major town centres and the voice of Chris Hill further enhances it. There are footages showing the surroundings of the Staceys house, suggesting the danger Stacey faces if she is let loosed. The close up shots of the wire cage and the faces behind the cage; and the repetition shots of the opening of the cage reinforce the prison setting Stacey has been living in for the past seven years. The point of view in the story is 90% focused on Staceys mother, Kerry and their family friend. Viewers are persuaded to side with them in arguing against the government for the lack of disability services such as day care programs, transport services and other disability services. The footage showing Stacey interacting with the camera as she interrupts the normal narrative flow of the camera work by covering the camera lens show her behaviour as uncontrolled and undisciplined. It also demonstrates clearly to the viewers that Stacey has a lack of understanding of the appropriate behaviour and responses in the world around her. This reinforces the viewpoint of Staceys mother that this problem is not exaggerated. The current affair presenter also commented on the lack of support provided, further enhancing that the government is not doing anything. The sympathetic tone is created through the selection of words chosen by the voice-over and presenter. For example, Stacey home is described as a domestic detention centre. This emotive language is normally associated with asylum seekers arriving in our country. Other selective words and adjectives used include barbaric when referred to the action of locking Stacey up and Wire Cage when referred to Staceys house. This colourful language is used to make the story seem more interesting and touching. There is also a personal testimony recounting an incident from the past to demonstrate the past and present difficulties faced by Kerry and many other interviews to make the story more truthful. Values and attitudes of the Australian government are also reinforced using technical and audio codes in the story. The Australian Government likes to think of themselves as caring, helpful and supportive. They believe that they have one of the best healthcare systems in the world. This story sets on to show one of the examples of the system failing to provide services for all in the community. In conclusion, the current affair story is put together using the different narrative techniques such as characterization, setting, point of view and tone and it is reinforced through the use of television production codes such as technical and audio codes.

Effect of Technology on Urban Spaces

Effect of Technology on Urban Spaces Emerging Enclaves of Innovation in Multimedia Services Akanksha Nayyar In understanding the complex interactions between infrastructure networks and urban spaces, Stephen Graham and Simon Marvin explore the emerging enclaves of innovation in multimedia services. The formation of these gentrifying ‘cyber’ districts is fueled by the production of internet services, digitization of design, architecture, gaming, CD-ROMs and music[1]. To be more specific, the regions that have undergone such enclave development include New York’s Silicon Alley, San Francisco’s Multimedia Gulch, and London’s Soho; to name a few. In order to thoroughly understand the influence that multimedia services have had on these urban places, this report will seek to critically analyze their economic, social and political environments. In addition, how these urban places represent an outcome of the global economy, and how they are connected both â€Å"glocally† and â€Å"globally†, will be discussed. Finally, a discussion in regards to the technologies that are important to the activities of these districts will be explored. ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT The economic impacts of the cyber gentrification of the regions previously mentioned possess both favorable and alarming characteristics. For starters, New York City’s most densely populated region, Manhattan, experienced the highest internet activity on the planet.[2] This paved the way for the development of its Silicon Alley ¸ which is home to a booming set of interactive media industries. 56,000 jobs from 2,200 firms were created in this sector alone, which is as much as a 105% increase between 1996 and 1998.[3] As a direct result of this, considerable investments were made in the form of restaurants, corporate retailers, property firms, loft developers, and infrastructure companies.[4] Furthermore, the city of New York has gone as far as supporting the new media enclaves with tax holidays, grants, loan funding and financial support for certain initiatives, such as â€Å"Plug ‘N’ Go†, which converts properties into internet-ready real estate[5]. On the other hand, in San Francisco’s Multimedia Gulch, we begin to see a negative economic impact. Although, surveys have shown that more than 35,000 people are now working in the multimedia industry, with the vast majority being from Multimedia Gulch, there have been several protests.[6] There have been issues regarding a lack of parking and a city bureaucracy that has made it tough for companies to expand. Moreover, real estate speculators have colonized certain districts and in turn, caused the rental costs to increase.[7] Consequently, poorer residents can no longer afford to live in their residences. This in turn, creates a larger economic disparity between low-income and medium-to-high income citizens. Based on an analysis of solely the economic environment, it becomes apparent that the job creation and increased investment levels as a result of the ‘dot-commers’ have a positive effect. That being said, however; the fact still remains that at that point in time, the internet remained as the preserve of a small global elite between two to five percent of the global population.[8] In simple terms, the rich get richer as the poor get poorer. The high-income individuals are being provided greater resources, such as the internet and communication technologies (ICT’s), to further increase their wealth.[9] Whereas the lack of access to these ICT’s by low-income individuals prohibits them from improving their financial affairs, which therefore widens the overall economic gap between each income-class.[10] SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT The creation of innovative enclaves as a result of multimedia services has also greatly impacted the social build-up of each region. The process of gentrification, wherein middle-to-upper class people take up residence in a traditionally working-class area of the city, ultimately changes the character of the area.[11] For example, often times the reconstruction of these urban neighborhoods developed a playful reputation to cater to a diverse and â€Å"chic† population, who are able to make use of various types of ethnic restaurants, art spaces and shops.[12] In the Alley, people are drawn from all corners of the earth. The cultural blend and diversity of ethnic traditions, viewpoints and value systems have enriched all lives.[13] Silicon Alley has become a model of how diversity can add strength and unity to a complex community. Furthermore, in the Multimedia Gulch, several neighborhoods were gentrified to sustain the cluttering demands of interlocking micro, small and medium-size firms in digital design, advertising gaming, publishing, fashion, music, multimedia, computing and communications.[14] At first glance, this appears to be a favorable development of a given neighborhood. However, the underlying issue is that it reinforces a class hierarchy, wherein only certain individuals have access to these new markets. The issue continues as these enclaves create two parallel communication systems: the first is suited for individuals that are socioeconomically affluent and are now being provided access to ICTs and multimedia services that provide them with information at high speeds and low costs. On the other hand, the second communication system is for less educated individuals who face barriers of cost, time, uncertainty, and ultimately depend on outdated information.[15] The coexistence of these two communi cation systems creates a fruitful future for the individuals at the top of the class hierarchy, and despair for those at the opposite end. Some of the more alarming social characteristics of these enclaves include increased stress levels for older residents of gentrifying neighborhoods. These stress levels have been associated with rises in the death rates of elderly seniors.[16] In combining both the economic and social characteristics, we begin to paint a picture wherein there is a trend towards the exclusion of poorer people from the cities. It is important to note that the whole purpose of innovative multimedia services and ICTs is that they provide us with limitless possibilities for overcoming traditional social and geographical barriers, however; it appears that this is only true for a segment of the population. POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT The emergence of innovative enclaves of multimedia services also has ramifications towards their respective political environments. For instance, political coalitions such as the Yuppe Eradiction Project have surfaced in the Multimedia Gulch.[17] These coalitions are a response to the dot-com invasion and operate under the banner â€Å"The Internet killed San Francisco†. Among the issues targeted by the coalition include real estate prices, homelessness, and accentuating landscapes of social and geographical polarization.[18] The creation of these enclaves also poses a problem for decision makers in regards to the planning aspect of the city. The growths experienced in multimedia clusters and digital centers have had a great impact on issues such as car parking, among other transportation issues. In addition, decision makers are also forced to explore issues such as the ownership and control of digitized information.[19] OUTCOME OF THE GLOBAL ECONOMY Since the beginning of the globalization era, the world continues to seek new methods in which it can exchange information, products and services with one another. It is because of the very need for us to continuously connect and exchange with the rest of the planet that we see the emergence of enclaves of innovation in multimedia services. For example, in Soho, London, a media enclave has developed dedicated infrastructure that allows it to extend to global markets in real time. Coined â€Å"Sohonet†, the system links the tight concentration of film and media companies, television broadcasters, publishers, internet providers, graphic designers and recording studio headquarters in London directly with Hollywood film studios through seamless transatlantic fiber connections.[20] Sohonet is just one example that allows us to see how the emergence of these media enclaves is an outcome of the global economy. As more and more people around the world demand global events, such as spo rts, music, and Hollywood films, the emergence of these enclaves is inevitable. Furthermore, we see a similar enclave development in Malaysia with its $20 billion Multimedia Supercorridor (MSC).[21] The aim of the MSC is to replace Malaysia’s manufacturing-dominated economy with services, IT, media and communication industries in an effort to make it ‘Asia’s technology hub’ by 2020.[22] This example allows us to see that in an effort to become globally relevant, Malaysia has witnessed a development of its own enclave of innovation in multimedia services. ENCLAVES ON A GLOBAL AND LOCAL PRESPECTIVE Globalization allows us to see how these media enclaves are connected on a broad scale. That being said, in order to enjoy the benefits of global urbanization through multimedia and information exchange, the relationship between global and local cultures must be understood. Allen J. Scott touches upon the concept of glocal connectivity in The Cultural Economy of Cities. He asserts that many media giants seeking to develop distinctive products â€Å"insert themselves into regional cultural-economic systems†.[23] By this, Scott refers to an arrangement wherein companies create close linkages and working relations with several other firms in order to ultimately tap into the specialized skills of the local labour force. This is essentially the foundation of glocalization, wherein the concept dictates that in a global market, a product or service is more likely to succeed when it is customized for the locality or culture in which it is sold.[24] This theory allows us to see why sev eral firms cluster in certain districts such as the Silicon Alley, Multimedia Gulch, or Soho. In the Rise of the Creative Class by Richard Florida, he explores the idea that as the symbolic attributes of products or services becomes more important, so too do places that host firms.[25] Urban places such as the Silicon Alley, Multimedia Gulch, or Soho are adept at incorporating cultural knowledge, design distinctiveness, and fashionability into products or services. This is because these types of places draw upon the types of creative lifestyles necessary, such as talented video producers, chic advertising executives, and distinctive web designers.[26] On the other hand, we also see that these enclaves can be glocally connected in a much different way. For example, we sometimes see that there are extreme asymmetries that exist amongst the North-South relations in regards to multimedia. For instance, TV and Internet media provide a great deal of Anglo-Saxon content in developing nations as the US culture is extended through the growth of electronic connections.[27] We see this specifically with the Soho enclave. Their commitment to developing infrastructure that provides them with real time information with Hollywood and other North American multimedia services demonstrates this type of dependence. This is primarily because the local population demands it. Alternatively, we don’t see this same type of counter-dependence in the North American multimedia enclaves on Soho. This allows us to see the relationship between global and local relationships, as the concept of glocalization demonstrates that in achieving global objectives, the preferences of locality cultures must be considered. USE OF TECHNOLOGIES In considering the technologies that make the existence of these multimedia enclaves possible, it is important to acknowledge the industry’s evolution and development of infrastructure. Over the course of 20 years, the ICT industry has moved from having an insignificant presence to becoming one of the world’s fastest growing and potentially largest industries.[28] For example, Western Europe’s ICT industry accounted for 2 percent of Gross Domestic Product in 1984; this figure was expected to change to approximately 7 percent by 2000, with 60 percent of all jobs to be supported either directly or indirectly by ICTs.[29] In order to accommodate the rapid growth in this industry, a strong infrastructural foundation was required. As such, the technologies required by these cyber districts ultimately made use of the infrastructure laid out in the ‘Global Cities’ during the construction of financial enclaves, as discussed by Graham.[30] Furthermore, the tr aditionally used copper and coaxial cable links are increasingly being supplemented or completely replaced by optic fiber, wireless, microwave and highly efficient satellite systems. Cities are now being connected through giant lattices of advanced telecommunication links. More importantly, this connects the urban hubs together into the global electronic grid.[31] The connection between the local and global environments factors into our previous discussion of the everlasting need to connect and exchange with the rest of the planet. These grids provide the technological basis necessary for the flows of global telecommunication traffic, including transmissions such as voice flows, faxes, data flows, image flows, TV and video signals.[32] An important milestone to make note of is when the industry began to see interpenetration between the two existing networks of communication in these media enclaves: the traditional mass media, such as cable TV, and internet-based communication networks, such as websites. An example of this interpenetration is when the traditional mass media makes use of internet-based blogs and interactive networks in order to reach their target audiences.[33] The convergence of these two networks is a key strength that has allowed for the emergence of innovative multimedia enclaves to occur. In concluding the discussion on emerging enclaves of innovation in multimedia services, it is worthwhile to summarize. The major issues that present themselves against the emergence of these enclaves are primarily produced as a result of the gentrification process. This marginalizes the poorer citizens of the districts in question, and consequently, adds pressure on to the economic, social, and political environments of each urban place. Given that globalization necessitates, the services provided by these types of enclaves, and the benefits witnessed through the relationship between global and local cultures, it is vital for us to attempt to find a solution. As such, we begin to see a wide range of efforts by non-profit agencies, social movements, and municipalities aimed to extending access to ICTs to poorer, marginalized groups and communities.[34] This is not to rely on a simplistic ideal, or a â€Å"silver bullet†, that will serve as a solution to much more complex proble ms. However, it is a starting point that could begin to improve and potentially shorten some of the economic, social, and political gaps we see as a result of the development of these enclaves. The innovations achieved through these districts are undeniably in the best interest of society as a whole, however; consideration and care must be given to those individuals that are marginalized in the process. WORK CITED Castells, M. (2011).The rise of the network society: The information age. (2nd ed., Vol. 1). John Wiley Sons. Retrieved from http://books.google.ca/books?hl=enlr=id=FihjywtjTdUCoi=fndpg=PA1968dq=related:NCOsPP8QZtUJ:scholar.google.com/ots=l10pXWCS9Ysig=rTK_31NRi-n6v0pwhe_gBs9bYvA Gentrification. 2014. InMerriam-Webster.com. Retrieved March 16, 2014, from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gentrifacation Glocalization. 2014. InMerriam-Webster.com. Retrieved March 16, 2014, from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/glocalization Gottlieb, J. (1999). Silicon alley..new york city. Retrieved from http://iml.jou.ufl.edu/projects/Spring99/Gottlieb/got.html Graham, S., Marvin, S. (1996).Telecommunications and the city: Electronic spaces, urban places. Psychology Press. Retrieved from http://books.google.ca/books?id=YNorjRJnVEMCpg=PA327lpg=PA327dq=Telecommunications+and+the+Citysource=blots=nnPRvam8Wjsig=ZxrMAa0beIJqa5cNq96BfWmXC44hl=ensa=Xei=q8AjU9zlHs2oqwHMmIGoDgved=0CGIQ6AEwBw#v=onepageq=Telecommunications%20and%20the%20Cityf=false Graham, S. (1998). The end of geography or the explosion of place? conceptualizing space, place and information technology.Progress in Human Geography,22(2), Retrieved from http://www.realtechsupport.org/UB/NP/IoT_ExplosionSpace_1998.pdf Graham, S. (2000). Constructing premium network spaces. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,24(1), Retrieved from http://old.geog.psu.edu/courses/geog497b/Readings/Graham.pdf Graham, S. (2000).Bridging urban digital divides? urban polarization and information and communication technologies (ICTs). (Vol. 39). New York: Carfax Publishing. Retrieved from http://www.nomads.usp.br/documentos/textos/cultura_digital/tics_arq_urb/BridgingDigitalDivide.pdf Graham, S., Marvin, S. (2001).Splintering Urbanism: Networked Infrastructures, Technological Motilities and the Urban Condition. New York: Routledge. (Chapter 3, 91-136) Graham, S., Marvin, S. (2001).Splintering Urbanism: Networked Infrastructures, Technological Mobilities and the Urban Condition. New York: Routledge. (Chapter 7, 329-336) Indergaard, M. (2004).Silicon alley: The rise and fall of a new media district. New York: Routledge. Retrieved from http://books.google.ca/books?hl=enlr=id=k96SAgAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1dq=innovative enclaves multimedia centresots=tRvVaCTstOsig=hyiVFkjoMv8uppG9ttGTy33wVB0 Raine, G. (1999, October 31). Making sense of multimedia gulch. Retrieved from http://www.sfgate.com/business/article/Making-sense-of-Multimedia-Gulch-3060560.php Sassen, S. (2001).The global city: New york, Tokyo, London. (2nd ed.). Woodstock, Oxfordshire: Princeton University Press. Retrieved from http://books.google.ca/books?hl=enlr=id=PTAiHWK2BYICoi=fndpg=PR11dq=related:NCOsPP8QZtUJ:scholar.google.com/ots=BS-ErhSdN1sig=VbeYDBon1fqYmpGgIb5OsOJ54YQ [1] (Graham Marvin, 2001) [2] (Graham Marvin, 2001) [3] (Graham Marvin, 2001) [4] (Graham Marvin, 2001) [5] (Graham Marvin, 2001) [6] (Raine, 1999) [7] (Graham Marvin, 2001) [8] (Graham, 2000) [9] (Graham Marvin, 1996) [10] (Graham Marvin, 1996) [11] (Webster, 2014) [12] (Graham Marvin, 2001) [13] (Gottlieb, 1999) [14] (Graham, 1998) [15] (Graham, 2000) [16] (Graham Marvin, 2001) [17] (Graham Marvin, 2001) [18] (Graham Marvin, 2001) [19] (Indergaard, 2004) [20] (Graham Marvin, 2001) [21] (Graham, 2000) [22] (Graham, 2000) [23] (Castells, 2011) [24] (Webster, 2014) [25] (Indergaard, 2004) [26] (Indergaard, 2004) [27] (Graham, 2000) [28] (Graham Marvin, 1996) [29] (Graham Marvin, 1996) [30] (Graham, 2000) [31] (Graham Marvin, 1996) [32] (Sassen, 2001) [33] (Castells, 2011) [34] (Graham, 2000)

The Relational Nature of Species Concepts :: Species Positivism Essays

The Relational Nature of Species Concepts ABSTRACT: Édouard Le Roy as early as 1901 observed the existence of an intellectual movement seeking to break from traditional positivism and set for himself the task of drawing up the program of this new positivism. Noting that this program precedes the Vienna Circle, I endeavor to determine its nature and to evaluate its impact on logical positivism. Viewed in this light, the discussions between Le Roy, Poincarà © and Duhem appear more prolonged and substantial than is usually thought. What we have here is perhaps not a homogeneous doctrine but a vigorous intellectual movement, from which logical positivists were able to borrow specific theses in their attempts to mitigate Mach's strict positivism; more important still, they had before them an example of neopositivism. History is not the only concern: among the issues debated, one encounters the claim that facts are theory-laden. This claim still stirs controversy today. An inquiry into the origins of the claim is one way of c larifying the arguments involved. The definition of the concept of a species has been a recurrent issue in evolutionary biology at least since the publication of The origin of species (Darwin, 1859). Despite numerous treatments (e.g., Ghiselin, 1974, 1987; Hull, 1976a, 1976b, 1978; Kitcher, 1984; Kitts, 1984; Kitts & Kitts, 1979; Mayr, 1957, 1963, 1976a, 1976b, 1987; Meglitsch, 1954; Mishler & Brandon, 1987; Mishler & Donoghue, 1982; Sober, 1984; Sokal, 1973; Sokal & Crovello, 1970; Wiley, 1978), the species problem still represents a conceptual issue. In the present paper, I submit that all species concepts are relational in nature. In its most general expression, this idea is not new. Indeed, according to Mayr (1976a), "the species concept is a relational concept" (p. 480). However, the interpretation and further elaboration I propose is different from Mayr's. The crucial difference is that I adopt the set-theoretic notion of a relation. A consequence of this adoption is that, in contrast to Mayr, who restricts his idea to the relation of reproductive isolation (which defines his own species concept), I argue that the set-theoretic notion of a relation allows us to define any species concept in terms of some kind of relation. A second consequence has to do with the rejection expressed by Mayr and others towards viewing species as sets. I shall have something to say about this issue at the end of the paper. The notion of a relation is central to scientific concepts in general, and the species concept is no exception.

Application of CFD Simulation for Evaluating the Separation Efficiency of Deoiling Hydrocyclones :: Environment, Oil-water Separation

Introduction Having an efficient and reliable system for oil-water separation is of crucial importance especially for offshore oil and gas industry. Due to the platform movement, space, weight and operating limitations in offshore, the usage of common methods (gravity based vessels) for oil/water separation are ineffective. On the other hand producing oil is often accompanied by large amount of water that is discharged into the sea on offshore platforms. The amount of oil in water is confined from environmental standards. Therefore the need to have a high efficiency compact separator during variable operating conditions attracts the interests of researchers to hydrocyclones. Special trait of hydrocyclones such as simple design, easy to install and operate, no moving parts, and low manufacturing and maintenance costs make hydrocyclones as an economical and effective system for produced water treatment [1-2]. The separation process that is occurred in the deoiling hydrocyclones is quite different from that in the desander ones []. The density difference between liquid-liquid is smaller than solid-liquid mixtures. Therefore the separation of liquid from liquid is more difficult than solid from liquid and needs higher rotational speeds. The liquid droplet in comparison with solid particles could not experience shear rates. If the shear rates increase to the critical level the larger droplet break down to the smaller ones. The separation process for small liquid droplets is more difficult than large ones. On the other hand if two droplets close enough they might coalesce to each other. Because of difference in flow split of desander and deoiler hydrocyclones, the flow feature of continuous phase is different in these two types. The centrifugal forces cause the solid particles migrate to the wall region in desander hydrocyclones. So the near wall region is important in desander hydrocyclones but the oil droplet migrate to the center of hydrocyclones in deoiling hydrocyclones and the consideration tends to the center flow features. The first idea of using common hydrocyclones for oil-water separation was suggested by Simkin and Olney [6] and Sheng et al. [7] but fundamental studies on deoiling hydrocyclones started from 1980 by Colman [8] and Thew. Several experimental researches on deoiling hydrocyclones were conducted by Colman et al. [9] and Colman and Thew [10-12]. Their results showed that the separation efficiency of hydrocyclones is independent of flow split between 0.5 to 10 percent. So the overflow diameter should design based on working conditions. Moreover for constant droplet size distribution in inlet, the size distribution in outlet is independent of flow split. Application of CFD Simulation for Evaluating the Separation Efficiency of Deoiling Hydrocyclones :: Environment, Oil-water Separation Introduction Having an efficient and reliable system for oil-water separation is of crucial importance especially for offshore oil and gas industry. Due to the platform movement, space, weight and operating limitations in offshore, the usage of common methods (gravity based vessels) for oil/water separation are ineffective. On the other hand producing oil is often accompanied by large amount of water that is discharged into the sea on offshore platforms. The amount of oil in water is confined from environmental standards. Therefore the need to have a high efficiency compact separator during variable operating conditions attracts the interests of researchers to hydrocyclones. Special trait of hydrocyclones such as simple design, easy to install and operate, no moving parts, and low manufacturing and maintenance costs make hydrocyclones as an economical and effective system for produced water treatment [1-2]. The separation process that is occurred in the deoiling hydrocyclones is quite different from that in the desander ones []. The density difference between liquid-liquid is smaller than solid-liquid mixtures. Therefore the separation of liquid from liquid is more difficult than solid from liquid and needs higher rotational speeds. The liquid droplet in comparison with solid particles could not experience shear rates. If the shear rates increase to the critical level the larger droplet break down to the smaller ones. The separation process for small liquid droplets is more difficult than large ones. On the other hand if two droplets close enough they might coalesce to each other. Because of difference in flow split of desander and deoiler hydrocyclones, the flow feature of continuous phase is different in these two types. The centrifugal forces cause the solid particles migrate to the wall region in desander hydrocyclones. So the near wall region is important in desander hydrocyclones but the oil droplet migrate to the center of hydrocyclones in deoiling hydrocyclones and the consideration tends to the center flow features. The first idea of using common hydrocyclones for oil-water separation was suggested by Simkin and Olney [6] and Sheng et al. [7] but fundamental studies on deoiling hydrocyclones started from 1980 by Colman [8] and Thew. Several experimental researches on deoiling hydrocyclones were conducted by Colman et al. [9] and Colman and Thew [10-12]. Their results showed that the separation efficiency of hydrocyclones is independent of flow split between 0.5 to 10 percent. So the overflow diameter should design based on working conditions. Moreover for constant droplet size distribution in inlet, the size distribution in outlet is independent of flow split.

African Americans Consequence Essay

The African Americans played a major role before and after the Civil War, beginning from 1861 to 1870, which helped shape the course and consequences of the Civil War. In determining how African Americans shaped the course and consequences of the Civil War, one must assess how African Americans were given more opportunities. Politically, African Americans began to have a role in voting and to have the President and Republican Party fight for their full freedom. Socially, the African American’s class began to be looked at differently. Ideologically, the African Americans were being looked at as equal and made sure that people knew they were people too. Although African Americans had to continue to fight for their equality, they did, in fact, shape the course and consequences of the Civil War by having political, ideological, and social actions. African Americans had no rights to vote or involve themselves in politics but that changed after the Civil War. Giving African Americans the right to vote shaped the consequences of the Civil War by African American’s views being looked at as well. On August 1865, the Convention of the Colored People of Virginia was proceeded which claimed that since African Americans are free, they deserve to vote (Doc H). The African Americans spoke of being given suffrage, and then they were given the right to vote. This shaped a consequence of the Civil War because the African American’s views were no longer over looked. During the Civil War, no one J. Crespo P a g e | 2 paid attention to what the African Americans wanted but afterward, they were granted the voice to speak about what they wanted. After being heard and given the right to vote, the African Americans had participation in Constitutional Conventions. A map shows the following: the participation of African Americans and Whites in Constitutional Conventions during 1867-1868 (Doc J). Politically, the whites did not want to be overtaken by the African Americans, so they had a larger participation to overrule the African Americans. The whites wanted a powerful Democratic Party that supported their wanting. The African Americans still participated in the conventions to make sure the Republic Party was strong enough to continue to give the African American their rights. African Americans participating in the Constitutional Conventions shaped one of the consequences of the Civil War by not letting whites take over the political system. Not only did the African Americans have a consequence politically with being heard and not having white supremacy, politically African Americans were also given their freedom. African Americans were being given their freedom. Politically, African Americans were being granted a change in society. Abraham Lincoln published a letter on August 26, 1863 that proposed the following: the African Americans as a whole, everywhere, should be granted their freedom for they fought for the North (Doc C). Abraham Lincoln was trying to persuade the Whites to agree on freedom for the African Americans in the United States. African Americans were being freed everywhere instead of just the North. Politically, this helped the African Americans tremendously because they were going to be freed everywhere. One of the consequences was African Americans being freed in the North, but then African Americans were going to be freed everywhere, including the South. After the letter sent out by Abraham Lincoln, the Republican Party decided to try to get an amendment that freed all African Americans. In 1864, the Republican Party’s platform stated the following: they wanted an Amendment to J. Crespo P a g e | 3 officially end slavery everywhere (Doc D). Politically, the African Americans were beginning to be seen as people throughout the nation. This consequence after the Civil War proved that African Americans were no longer going to be slaves anywhere. African Americans found their freedom with the help of the political power of Abraham Lincoln and Republican Party. Then the African Americans were socially looked at differently. The African Americans were no longer such a low class because people began to look at them differently and notice the good things about African Americans. Socially, the African Americans were being helped by the people. On July 30 1861 General Benjamin F. Butler reported to the secretary of the war stating the following: the African Americans should be free since they are a part of the North (Doc A). Socially, the North no longer presented the African Americans as property. This shaped the Civil War because the African Americans became part of the Union that fought for the North. Then after the Civil War was won and the African Americans were freed, their school system proved them socially equal and good as the whites. In March 1864, Charlotte Forten, an African American teacher in South Carolina Sea Islands, said the following: she spoke of how happy the African American children were to learn and how much knowledge they have attained (Doc E). Socially, the African Americans were no longer looked at as less smart than the Whites. The consequence of the Civil War with the African Americans socially with schools showed their equality to whites. Socially, the African Americans were no longer looked at as slaves or less knowledgeable. The African Americans, ideologically, were no longer looked as property. The African Americans were beginning to be looked at the same as the whites. The African Americans no longer were looked at as property. Ideologically, the African Americans caused a consequence of the Civil War to be looked at as people. On March 7, 1864 in The New J. Crespo P a g e | 4 York Times it stated the following: African Americans have gone through a drastic change to now be free Americans in the United States equal to the whites (Doc F). The African Americans were no longer the property they were once known of; African Americans were people just as the Whites. Ideologically, this proved that a consequence of the Civil War was the change of equality that African Americans had. After The New York Times had posted the article, Thomas Nast from Harper’s Weekly on August 5 1865 had posted the following: a picture of lady liberty standing next to an African American Union Solider asking â€Å"And Not This Man? † (Doc G). Ideologically, the picture proved that the people no longer were going to look at African Americans as property so they should be treated equal. The North wanted the South to have the same thoughts about African Americans. This set a consequence of the Civil War by having the African Americans no longer being looked at as slaves as they were when the war had begun. After the African Americans were no longer looked at as property, the African Americans made sure the Whites thought of them as people no matter what. African Americans were going to deal with racism and injustice but they made sure that the whites knew they were people also. Ideologically, the African American consequence after the Civil War was that African Americans are people, not slaves nor property. On August 20 1862 in New York during the resolution of African Americans in Newtown, African Americans stated the following: they wanted to make sure that the President knew that they were not going to leave because the United States was their country also that they were going to fight in for their freedom (Doc B). This constructed the course of the Civil War because the African Americans began fighting in the Civil War. Ideologically, African Americans were looked at as people in the nation of the United States to fight along the Whites for their freedom and country. After the Civil War, when African Americans were no longer slaves and granted their freedom, some J. Crespo P a g e | 5 whites resisted the full freedom of African Americans. In 1867 with Rebecca Parsons she went through the following: she went back to receive her kindred since she was a free slave but the owner would not allow her to because they were â€Å"his† (Doc I). Although, Parsons did not allow Rebecca her children it proved that Parsons realized she was also people because she demanded them back from him. Rebecca is no longer a slave who has to stand down, she also had rights which proved she is as equal as Parsons. Ideologically, after the Civil War this was a consequence by African Americans no longer being looked at differently because they were people also. African Americans ideologically created the course and consequence of the Civil War by being looked at as people and not slaves. African Americans shaped the course and consequences of the Civil War by ideological, social, and political reasoning. African Americans were known in the United States as slaves and property but they no longer were during and after the Civil War. They became people of equality to the whites in the United States. They no longer had no say in politics; they were given rights and opportunities to speak of their views. They no longer were viewed as property but people. Also, they weren’t the low class everyone had always labeled them as. African Americans helped the Union win the war to win themselves the freedom they deserved.

Past, Present, and Future

The purpose of this paper is to reflect on my personal and professional growth during my Criminal Justice program of study at the University of Phoenix. The paper will reflect upon where I was before I began college at the University of Phoenix. Then I will evaluate the growth I experienced during my University of Phoenix program of study. To conclude, the paper will analyze the impact of completing the University of Phoenix bachelor's program on my current and future professional goals.I went to college for the first time right after high school and learned very quickly that I did not know why I was there. I attained a job, thinking I would return when I decided what I wanted to be. The second time I went to college, I was in my early thirties, and because of the daycare I had been providing in my home, decided I should pursue a degree in early education. By the time I finished my general education courses, I changed my mind. I no longer wanted a degree in early education, and did n ot know what degree I wanted.Once again I quit college with a decision to return, once I knew what I wanted to be when I grew up. Many years went by and during those years I worked different low-level low-pay jobs. I began working for State Farm in the call center of the claims department in 2003. Although this position was also a low-level, low-paying job, I was enjoying learning the process of insurance claims and wanted to pursue a different position within the claims department. My supervisor encouraged me to go back to college because a degree would make me more competitive for higher positions within the company.In the next couple years, I managed to receive a position in a different department, but still low level. I continued in this position for three years and during this time, I had interviewed for three positions that I did not receive because I lacked a degree. My supervisor again encouraged me to go back to college to acquire the problem-solving, written and oral commu nication skills I needed to advance within the company. My desire was to return to college but did not believe I could work full-time while going to college.I shared this reasoning with my coworker who told me about the University of Phoenix, so I contacted the school and made an appointment. University of Phoenix’s accelerated program was the answer I needed. Each course was five weeks and I would take one course at a time. A program of study was my next dilemma as I never decided on this in the past. I did have a desire to work in the Special Investigative Unit in the claims department, so I spoke with a claim representative within that department who had a degree in Criminal Justice, and my choice was made.The first class I took was GEN/300 Skills for Professional Development that helped me to understand a new way of learning. I was used to a traditional curriculum; study a textbook, then take a test. GEN/300 taught me the computer skills and the tools needed for this new way of learning. Instead of tests, I learned to write academic papers that illustrated that I understood the course information. My research skills were enhanced as I learned to go beyond the textbook and use the Internet to retrieve information needed for my assignments. I was also introduced to a learning team environment.The learning team taught me how to work with different personalities to accomplish the same goal (University of Phoenix, 2008). In SCI/362 Environmental Issues and Ethics, the learning team assignment was a case study. Each week the learning team worked on a specific part of the case study that would build up to the final presentation for week five. This style of learning enhanced my written and oral communication skills as I worked with the team. The learning team learned to use each other’s strengths to put the presentation together (University of Phoenix, 2008).The two core courses during my program of study that had the greatest effect on my potential employment are CJA/413 Ethics in Criminal Justice and CJA 423 Cultural Diversity in Criminal Justice. These two courses revealed to me that everyone does not perceive the world the same as I do. People who are from a different culture may have different ethics than I. This concept opened my understanding that I need to consider people’s cultures and ethics to communicate more successfully in professional settings.This is an essential tool that everyone needs to be successful in the business world (University of Phoenix, 2009). My college experience with the University of Phoenix has been challenging at times but rewarding. The most challenging was the learning teams. Each team I was on seemed to face the same problem, which was to meet outside the classroom. Team member’s schedules conflicted, which made it difficult to meet to work on the team assignment. I believe the classroom setting should include mandatory learning team meetings. The meetings should be at the beg inning or middle of the classroom time.When time is given for learning team meetings during class, my experience has been that the professor gives the time at the end of class, and this has not been productive. Most of the class members have worked all day, and they are tired, so either they leave class early or they are not productive in the meetings. Online courses at University of Phoenix should be more affordable to students. This would help during times in a student’s life when he or she cannot make it to class. For example, a mother may have a sick child and whereas a mom cannot attend a class, a mom with a sick child could still attend class if the class is online.Mom with a sick child is just one example of the many situations that come up in life that an online course would better serve the student than the classroom setting. As I discussed earlier in this paper, I work for State Farm in the Auto Claims Department and with my Bachelor’s degree in Criminal Just ice my goal is to attain a position within the Special Investigative Unit. This unit works claims that may be fraudulent. I am taking online claim courses that my company provides for employees seeking a position in the SIU department, and I will continue to take courses on diversity and ethics.Also I will seek a mentor within the department who can show me the correct steps I need to take as I move forward toward this goal. I am considering continuing my education to receive a Master’s degree in Criminal Justice. My goal with this degree is maybe later in life to be a college professor. I believe the future college will be primarily online, which will open many opportunities for professors to teach from anywhere at anytime. This paper reflected on my personal and professional growth during my Criminal Justice program of study at the University of Phoenix.I discussed where I was before I began college at the University of Phoenix and evaluated the growth I experienced during my University of Phoenix program of study. In conclusion, I analyzed the impact of completing the University of Phoenix bachelor's program on my current and future professional goals.Reference University of Phoenix (2008). Program credits. Retrieved from https://ecampus. phoenix. edu/Program/Credits/Program University of Phoenix (2009). Program credits. Retrieved from https://ecampus. phoenix. edu/Program/Credits/Program

You’Re a Contract Painkiller

In You Are a Contract Painkiller (1997, p. 111), author Maureen Littlejohn makes extensive use of personification to describe the functioning of Aspirin in our body, its various properties to fight pain, and its evolution over the years. Littlejohn describes how Aspirin claimed celebrity status as one of the world’s most popular, inexpensive painkillers by relieving headaches, sprains, blows, burns, swelling and fever. Furthermore, she added that Aspirin could also be used to reduce the risk of stroke and heart attack.The author supports the main idea by describing how the aspirin when taken with a modest stream of water or ginger ale, passed to the stomach through the esophagus and undergoes a series of chain reactions to disable the enzyme that converts the acid in cell membranes into prostaglandins (responsible for the pain). In a similar fashion it also helps bring fever down. Moreover, the author gives a brief history about the evolution of the modern day Aspirin from alm ost a thousand years ago when Hippocrates first discovered the property of willow leaves to help relieve pain.The author concludes the essay by highlighting the useful properties of Aspirin and the various ailments it provides relief from. â€Å"You have achieved renown by destroying headaches but you are equally effective in countering sprains, burns, or blows. † (You Are a Contract Painkiller, 1997, p. 112). According to me, this sentence sets the tone for the entire essay. It describes the purpose of using Aspirin and the different ailments that it provides relief from. It basically highlights why and about what the essay is written.It furthermore, sets the stage to write details about the composition and mechanism of Aspirin and also the various ways by which it has meliorated our lives by relieving pain. It puts the entire essay in perspective. â€Å"In the 1800s, two Italian chemists confirmed that willow bark contains one of your main ingredients, the antipyretic (fev er-reducing) salicin. A Swiss pharmacist then found that meadowsweet, a shrub in the spirea family, has ever more of the magic substance than willow bark.In 1893, Felix Hoffmann at the Bayer AG Chemical Works in Germany purified and stabilized you, and that’s when your first claimed celebrity status as one of the world’s most popular, inexpensive pain relievers. † (You Are a Contract Painkiller, 1997, p. 111). The reason I chose this quote is because, it provides a lot of credibility to the essay, by describing how the Aspirin has evolved and also, it gives a perfect example why Aspirin has become so popular all over the world. By describing its formation and development, it gives an overview about what makes Aspirin what it is today.The main idea of this essay revolves around the painkiller called Aspirin. The purpose of this essay is to describe the remarkable properties of Aspirin, to help relieve from different types of pain, and how Aspirin has formed and th e mechanism by which it provides instant relief from the pain. This essay is written for a general audience, to educate them about the useful benefits of aspirin followed by providing detailed information about how an aspirin works to provide relief.This would help people to better understand the pros and cons of aspirin and erase any misconceptions. I really like the way how Littlejohn has written the essay. By using personification method, she has depicted the various aspects of Aspirin in an interesting way rather than just quoting some scientific facts about it. By this, it has really help understand the overall functioning and mechanism of an aspirin in an uncomplicated way.

Romanticism vs Rationalism

Romanticism vs Rationalism Romantics value Individuality while, Rationalist value conformity. In the Poem â€Å"Ode: Intimation of Immortality from Recollections of Early Childhood† by William Wordsworth, stanza VII deals with conformity. The young man will have to â€Å"fit his tongue to dialogues f business, love, strife† (Wordsworth 13-14) just so that he fits in. He is trying to conform to the ‘imaginary’ rules of society. Another way he conforms is when he is a â€Å"little Actor [that] cons another part† (Wordsworth 18). It’s like instead of him being himself he takes on different parts.He wants to fit into the crowd instead of being an individual. On the other hand in the poem â€Å"Saturday at the Canal† by Gary Soto, there is a 17 year old guy that hates where he is. He wants to go to San Francisco to â€Å"be with people who knew more than three chords on a guitar† (Soto 13-14); people that were following their own indi viduality. He also did something different then all the people he knew, he â€Å"didn’t drink or smoke† (Soto 14). Most teenagers drink to fit in with the ‘cool’ people but, he goes against the grain. Rationalism is being safe and fitting into society while, Romanticism is being yourself-different.Another aspect of Romanticism is innocence, and experience being Rationalism. In â€Å"Ode: Intimation of Immortality from Recollections of Early Childhood† stanza V it talks about the innocence of a young child. â€Å"Heaven lies about us in our infancy† (Wordsworth 9) when we our born. Everyone says that heaven is the purest thing out there; they also say babies are. Being so pure makes them innocent because they don’t know the difference between right or wrong. But innocence doesn’t last forever the boy â€Å"beholds the light† (Wordsworth 12) of innocence.The boy starts to experience more and loses his innocence. In â€Å"S aturday at the Canal† the 17 year old boy thought that â€Å"school was [just] a sharp check in the roll book† (Soto 2) because he thought he had experienced enough of that environment. Another way that he thought he was experienced was the he â€Å"knew more than three cords on a guitar† (Soto 13-14). Being able to do that made him capable of being better than the people around him. More experienced. These examples of Romanticism and Rationalism show the aspects of innocence and experience.

Attack Essay Example for Free

Attack Essay Choose cite format: APA MLA Harvard Chicago ASA IEEE AMA company About StudyMoose Contact Careers Help Center Donate a Paper Legal Terms & Conditions Privacy Policy Complaints â€Å"Attack† is a poem written in 1917 by Siegfried Sassoon while he was convalescing from his wounds in a hospital in Scotland. He was a soldier who fought in the First World War. Attack is a short, 13-line poem written in speech rhythm with some rhyme. The poem is described in a very vivid way which makes the reader think that the author himself witnessed the scene. The poem begins with the poet describing the setting of the poem. The landscape is in a battlefield where there are still remains of previous battles. The poet pictures it in a way that makes the scene very menacing and uncomfortable. The poem goes on with the soldiers fighting in the attack with their hopes struggling in the midst of war. Sassoon then ends the poem with an impassioned plea, â€Å"O Jesus, make in stop! † One major technique that the author uses in order to convey of the horror of the battlefield and what it seemed to be like to be in an attack is literal and figurative imageries. Examples of literal images are â€Å"the ridge emerges†, â€Å"bombs and guns and shovels and battle-gear†, â€Å"lines of grey, muttering faces†. The poet uses very striking diction that makes the poem sounds more uncomfortable, for example, â€Å"scarred slope†. The colour of the atmosphere is described as dun and wild purple which accentuates on the menacing atmosphere of the setting. The verbs at the beginning of the poem are very significant as they seem to be particularly strong in this poem, like the description of the tank â€Å"creep and topple† over the ridge, the barrage that â€Å"roars and lifts† or the men who â€Å"jostle and climb to†, etc. On the other hand, the poet also uses a lot of figurative images. These figurative images include: â€Å"time ticks blank and busy on their wrists†, â€Å"and hope, with furtive eyes, †¦ , flounders in mud†, etc. These images help to personify and emphasize the meaning of the poem, for example, in line 11: â€Å"While time ticks blank and busy on their wrists† The figurative image here delivers the meaning of the soldiers while fighting in the attack, are not aware of the time and how it ticks blankly and busily on their wrists. These two adjectives creates an alliteration that further emphasizes the meaning of how the soldiers are just spending meaningless time on the battlefield, forgetting who they are and what they do. Furthermore, the same kind of hopelessness is caught by the image of the time ticks blank and busy. This idea is brought out to us more clearly by the two last lines of the poem. Hope is personified as something with furtive eyes and grappling fists that flounders in mud, as if to compare it to the soldiers. The short statement, â€Å"flounders in mud† is also mentioning the solders falling down and dying in the attack. The impassioned plea at the end by the author seems to have a great effect on the readers as it shows the emotions and how sincerely the poet wants everything of this to stop. The mood of this poem if mostly menacing to the readers, it somehow makes us sympathize for the soldiers. Seeing the images of the attack, it also seems to have an emotive effect on the readers. The punctuations in the poem also help the poem to create a bigger effect of this. In many lines, a caesura is used to make the previous sentence emphasized and creates suspense as well as having a greater effect on the readers. Overall, Siegfried Sassoon has showed through the poem Attack shows how the soldiers have to go to the battlefield to fight on the lands of previous battles, having time ticking through and as they fall down, their hope also flounders, leaving them with their faces muttered, their fists grappling†¦ Attack. (2017, Mar 02).

How useful is the Letter of Jude for the Church Today Essay

How useful is the Letter of Jude for the Church Today - Essay Example The book comes in handy today as there are many false teachers who look down upon the word of God with disdain. Jude was driven by purpose to protect the status of the faith and church of God. In his letter, he intended to bring out the aims of false teachers whose infiltration in the church of god threatened to derail the faith of Christians. Through this exposure, he intended to pass a message to Christians that they should find courage and stand firm in relation to their faith. According to him, the Christians ought to get motivated and seek their way to the truth. He dwells on this during the first part of the epistle. In verse 4, Jude states that â€Å"for certain persons have crept unnoticed†. He meant that there were false teachers of the word of god and they were peddling their wares in the church and elsewhere among Christians without being noticed or questioned. He described ion the book how these false teachers perpetrated terrible acts under concealment. For the Christians to be aware, Jude recommended that they had to remember the teaching of the apostles of Christ, help each other to build their faith in the word of God, employ the use of Holy Spirit to guide them in prayer, wait upon the mercy of Jesus by living their lives in such a way that they are prepared for this second coming and stay within the unending love of God. Staying in the love of God demands that believers trust in God and do whatever he wants us to do as highlighted in the teachings of the epistles. Commitment and following the guidelines he put forward, Christians can be able to stand up against those false tea chers who were working against the teachings of Lord Jesus Christ. In modern times, there are many false teachers. Jude say that these teachers are a threat because they teach that being saved by the grace of god gives freedom to do what one wants which includes living immorally. This is an act of denying Christ according to Jude. This is

Legal Aspect of Nursing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Legal Aspect of Nursing - Case Study Example The physician should have looked for an alternative source of the anesthetist or take the patient to another hospital. Failure to provide the appropriate care and referrals to the patient. The physician did not give the patient good care when he was in the hospital. The physician should have spent the night checking on the patient to see any progress or complication that may arise. Failure to communicate. The physician did not communicate to his seniors or other medical agencies to seek for assistance. There are many medical centers that would have carried out the surgery if they were notified. The hospital could also have requested aid of an ambulance to transfer the patient to another center. The emergency center physician who represents the hospital is liable for the liabilities raised. The physician did not do a conclusive assessment on the patient to determine the urgency of the surgery. This would have enabled the physician to look for an alternative hospital where the surgery would have been done immediately. The physician did not have the anesthetist in the center. This is a sign of lack of commitment in his duties. The physician must ensure that there are all necessary medicine and chemicals at all times. The orders must be mad in advance before the stock ends. If the physician had done a prudent assessment on the patient, he would have communicated it to Jose’s parent so that she can take the necessary step to ensure that the patient receives treatment in another hospital. Having done the x-ray on the patient, the physician should have done minor treatment instead of giving sedatives only. The court would rule against the hospital and physician. The care standard that was given to the patient is below standard. If the hospital had attended to the patient on time, there would not be any complications on the patient. In the case of Hall v. Arthur, the United States court of appeal upheld a trial court decision, which held the

Interpreting Crime and Criminals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Interpreting Crime and Criminals - Essay Example The biggest social phenomena of juvenile delinquency, is posed by the basic question in this regard: why do juveniles turn to crime? According to Cathy Spatz Damon & Joan Mc Cord (2001), there is a range of contributing factors such as prenatal care, differences in temperament, family influences, peer relationships, an impact of school policies towards delinquency and the broader influence of the neighbourhood and community. Back in the 1950’s, there weren’t any significant laws that differentiated between juvenile and adult offenders. It is with the recent spate of violent crimes, that the biggest social change to affect juvenile deliquescent criminals, has been the ongoing recriminalizing of juvenile crime with equal severity. To understand the consequences of such offences, it is essential to clarify the vital statistics in achieving a qualitative description of the offending criminals. Based on MET records and secondary evaluation, the following parameters have been identified: 1)Mean perceived likelihood of prosecution by prior arrests. 2)Mean perceived likelihood of prosecution by type of injury. 3)Arrest frequencies for different offence categories. 4)Felony type by gender in percentage. 5)Felony type by race in percentage. 6)Felony type by prior arrests in percentage. 7)Adjudication in percentage. 8)Adjudication by felony type. 8)Adjudication by gender. 9)Adjudication by . 10) Disposition. All these parameters comprise part of our questionnaire directed at PC constables.

The iPhone Phenomenon Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The iPhone Phenomenon - Research Paper Example This product continues to best itself. These are some factors that make this a remarkable product to not only invest in but endorse for the future. Corresponding Benefits Professionals Ability to keep in touch while on the move Document information while on the move with note taker and recorders Communicating by E-mail, instant messaging, and phone Students Style and individuality through the looks of the phone Complete many tasks without carrying several gadgets Keeps them connected to music, entertainment as well as organize your time with your own personal assistant. It’saniPod, phone, video; TV shows internet, and PDA Personal Better and faster connection to internet. Mobil Navigation Mobil Social connections; Facebook, Twitter, etc. Great multifunctional cameras; HD video and photo cameras. Marketing miX Product: The product has following features 4 inch large screen. High definition camera. iOS 6. Unintentional damage security. Hardware repair coverage. Weight is 112 gm only. LTE wireless technology, A6 chip. Price: Skimming pricing strategy. Premium pricing strategy. The pricing strategy of iPhone 5 by Apple Inc includes the flexibility to lower the prices if consumer response dictates such actions. Place: Apple places the iPhone 5 in worldwide stores by online stores, retails stores, direct sales and through third parties. Apple has divided its global market for iPhone 5 in too many different divisions includes: South America, North America, Europe, Middle East, Africa and Japan. Apple has more than 350 stores in thirteen countries worldwide. Promotion: In promoting iPhone 5, Apple has focused on offering innovative features and services to gain the customer loyalty. Apple has marketed iPhone 5 with the emotional and rational appeal. It connected iPhone 5 in the advertisements with people life style, imagination, innovation, passion, liberation dreams and ambitions. Environmental scan: (PESTC) Political: Apple’s iPhone 5 is selling all ove r the world so it is facing several issues that are beyond the company control i.e. political uncertainties, war against terrorism and sanctions on different countries. Political instability is affecting badly on the sales of iPhone 5 in different parts of the world. Economical: The inflation in different economies has influenced the sales of iPhone 5.Last year the high unemployment rate in USA and Europe may have affected sales of Apple products. However at the same time the economy was boosted by the sale of the iPhone. It sold over 5 million since its launch. It was predicted in 2012 that the economy would be boosted by .05 in 4th quarter. (Rush, Dominic, theguardian.com; 2012) Social: European countries and some parts of Canada which are large markets of Apple products are actually facing some health concerns because of the excessive use of iPhone 5 by the users. It is reported that improper use of Apple products may lead to hearing power of users. Technological: The advancement s and revolutions in technology are inventing day by day. It is the biggest challenge for Apple to maintain its competitive advantage of innovation. Every year there is the â€Å"next big thing,† (Android), that comes out and each year they look to not only the competitors but also themselves. Even Now there is talk of the newest iPhone (iPhone 5s) being announced in September. This one is not only technically advanced with the new operating system, but it is also going to be affordable phones available. (Stern, Joanna; ABC News, August 11) Competition: The main two

IT Security As Required By Sarbanes-Oxley Term Paper

IT Security As Required By Sarbanes-Oxley - Term Paper Example However, it is a fact that Sarbox also provides parameters and mechanics for enhancing IT security. Thesis statement The benefits of incorporating the provisions of Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 in IT security far outweigh the short-term gains of non-compliance, since the Act injects organizational transactions with security and confidentiality. II) Brief overview/history of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 was enacted on July 30th, 2002. Because of the original intention and the mandate of the Act, financial accuracy must be certified by the management concerned. Because of the provisions of the Same Act, the penalties for financial fraud have been made more severe. Similarly, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 strengthened the autonomy of external auditors who analyze and reexamine the accuracy of corporate statements of accounts and also bolstered the oversight function of the board of directors. Simon, Smalley, and Schultz (2009) divulge that the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 comes against the backdrop of serious corporate and accounting scandals such as the Enron, Adelphia, Tyco International, WorldCom and Peregrine Systems Scandals. These scandals had cost investors billions of dollars, following the collapse of the affected companies' share prices. These scandals, together with their serious effects weakened public confidence in America's security markets. The Act comprises 11 sections which range from criminal penalties to additional corporate board responsibilities. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 demands that the Securities and Exchange Commission implements rulings on prerequisites to compliance with the law. III) How the Sarbanes-Oxley Effects & Constraints on Information Technology Security (Industry & Management) Section 404 Compliance One of the ways the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 effects and constraints IT security section 404 compliance is by emphasizing a comprehensive understanding of internal controls, as a set of an enterprise's i nternal procedures, providing reasonable assurances that the enterprise will meet its target in all the specified areas. This is the case since Section 404 Compliance extends emphasis on not just historical financial reporting, but on internal controls also. Together with the rules spelled out in the SEC, there is a requirement that public companies' management should assess and report periodically, on the effectiveness of internal controls on financial reporting. To this effect, it is given that the report that the management hands in must be accompanied by statements of evaluations by an external auditor to provide an attestation to the credibility and reliability of the conclusions that the management has made. According to SAI Global (2010), the portfolio that Information Technology Security Section provides also addresses matters beyond Sarbanes-Oxley, to tackle other auditing and legal dimensions of internal controls and the responsibilities that sundry and all actors dispense , when executing systems of internal controls. Even though the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 is leaner in scope than internal controls, the Portfolio agrees with the fact of the tremendous impact of the legislation and studies a number of its provisions which force moderations on diverse aspects of internal contr